How are FRM and FEM data used for regulatory compliance decisions?

• A. FRM data are the primary basis for NAAQS determinations; FEM data can be used when EPA approves them as equivalent to FRM for compliance, subject to QA rules.
• B. FRM data are never used for regulatory decisions, only FEM data are allowed.
• C. FEM data are the only data used for regulatory decisions.
• D. Only FEM data can be used for regulatory decisions regardless of EPA approval.

Answer: (A)

Regulatory decisions rely on the official measurement standard, so the Federal Reference Method provides the primary basis for determining whether air quality meets the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. An alternative method, the Federal Equivalent Method, can be used for regulatory decisions only after EPA formally approves it as equivalent to the FRM, and only if it also satisfies the same QA requirements. In other words, FRM data carry the default authority, while FEM data can be used when EPA confirms they match the FRM's accuracy and reliability, with all QA rules applied. If an FEM hasn’t been approved as equivalent, its data aren’t eligible for regulatory decisions.